Background: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) elicit neuroprotective effects, and their repair ability has been investigated in different experimental models. We aimed to investigate the effect of Multiple i. p. BM-MSCs injections in the cuprizone model of Multiple sclerosis in mice. Methods: Adult male C57BL/6 mice (n = 40) were fed a regular diet or a diet containing cuprizone (0. 2% w/w) for six weeks. Bone marrow samples were taken from patients with spinal cord injury. BM-MSCs (2 × 106 in 1 milliliter medium) were administered intraperitoneally for two consecutive weeks at the end of the forth weeks of cuprizone administration. Animals (n = 12) were perfused with 10% paraformaldehyde at the end of sixth week. The brains were sectioned coronally in 6-8-μ m thickness (-2. 3 to 1. 8 mm from bregma). The sections were stained by luxol fast blue-cresyl violet, and images were captured via a microscope. Demyelination ratio was estimated in corpus callosum in a blind manner. A quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the myelin basic protein gene expression at sixth week. Results: Histologically, cuprizone induced demyelination in the corpus callosum. Demyelinated area was diminished in the corpus callosum of cell-administered group. Cuprizone could decrease myelin-binding protein mRNAs expression in corpus callosum, which was significantly recovered after BM-MSCs injections. Conclusion: Our data indicated a remyelination potency of Multiple i. p. BM-MSCs in the cuprizone model of Multiple sclerosis in mice.

Aim and Background: Nowadays, ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block has led to impressive results in improving upper extremity anesthesia and patient satisfaction.The aim of this study was to compare the results of infraclavicular block as single injection versus Multiple injectons in upper extremity surgery.Methods and Materials: In this randomized clinical trial, patients undergoing upper limb surgery were enrolled. After localizing the axillary artery under the guide of ultrasound; 30 ml lidocaine (1.5%) was injected in the single injection group. In the Multiple injections group, 10 ml lidocaine was injected in posterior, medial and latral position.Findings: The mean duration of procedure in single injection and Multiple injections groups were 3.29±1.21 minutes and 4.81±1.90 minutes, respectively. The mean time to reach complete anesthesia, was not siginificantly different between the groups. In Single injection group, all patients achieved complete anesthesia after 15 minutes of injection. However partial anesthesia was observed in one case in the Multiple injections group.Conclusions: Single injection ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block is a fast, simple and safe method of anesthesia for upper extremity surgery. Regarding its simplicity and effectiveness, this technique is preferred to Multiple injections technique.

Purpose: To report a patient with MEWDS.Patient and findings: A 65-year-old man presented with sudden decrease of vision in his right eye. On ophthalmoscopy of the involved eye, numerous small discrete white lesions were detected superficially and deep in the retina around the disc and macula. On visual field examination, enlargement of the blind spot was detected. Fluorescein angiography was unremarkable. On electroretinography, the a-wave was decreased minimally. The patient was followed and after 2 months, significant improvement of visual acuity and visual field was observed.Conclusion: MEWDS is a rare intraocular inflammatory disease of unknown etiology and in contrast to our patient, more frequent in females. The natural course is generally benign with spontaneous disappearance of the lesions and improvement of vision in 6 to 8 weeks.

Although most of the discoveries are the result of hard laboratory work, the history of Medicine is filled with a number of accidents that have led to the discovery of a new concept or technology. The story of discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming (https: //www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/ laureates/1945/fleming‑ bio. html) and light coagulation by Professor Meyer‑ Schwickerath (www. ascrs. org/ honorees/gerd‑ meyer‑ schwickerath‑ md) are shining examples of both accidental observation and hard work. My involvement in the development of intravitreal injection of medication was a consequence of prior laboratory investigations and serendipity...

Basically, Quality Evaluation is the most important tool for performance promotion in management, and it is the most prominent duty of managers. Evaluations can create organizational goals to promote worker's ability level.So, assessing the quality of nursing care during intravenous injections, we conducted a descriptive study, in which 95 nurses, selected randomly were evaluated. Data were gathered through questionnaire.According to the results, 16% of the nurses had good perfonnances, 66% of them were within acceptable range, and the performances of 17% of the participants were unacceptable. We also found significant relationships between the quality of care in intravenous injections and age, years of experience, gender, and educational level.Overall, as the results showed the weakness of a large group of participants in performing intravenous injections, it is recommended to provide in service education sessions for nurses.

This paper deals with experimental investigations on a four-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection, turbocharged engine to evaluate effects of fuel injection strategies, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and intake boost pressure on the low temperature combustion (LTC) mainly to reduce nitric oxides (NOx) and smoke emissions keeping a concern on indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). First, single-pulse fuel injection strategy with various fuel injection timings is tried to find the best operating conditions. Then, five fuel injection pulse strategy with a variation in injection timings and fuel quantities of each pulse along with the usage of EGR and intake boost pressure is tried to further improve the performance. Finally, it is found that for a low NOx and smoke emissions with a good brake thermal efficiency, five-pulse injection with the last pulse at closer to top dead centre along with the use of EGR in the LTC mode is a suitable one.

Introduction: The use of sensitive quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) assays and high resolution trans vaginal ultrasound have resulted in earlier diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancies (EPs) and more conservative treatment options. Nonsurgical medical treatments like local or systemic injection of methotroxate (MTX), a folic acid antagonist, have emerged, as an alternative management for women with EP. In this study, we compared the outcome of medical management of unruptured EPs using a single dose with Multiple doses administration of MTX injection. Materials and Methods: This investigation was a prospective randomized clinical trial. An EP was diagnosed if , β-hCG levels were ≥ 800 IU/I and no viable intrauterine pregnancy was evident. Plateauing levels or <50% increase in ,β-hCG over 48 hours were diagnosed as ectopic pregnancies. Two methods used for MTX administration for EP. The main outcome was comparison of success rate between single dose and Multiple dose protocol. Results: Our analysis considered 108 women diagnosed with EP whom we followed up after treatment with single or Multiple dose treatment with MTX. Of the 54 patients on single dose treatment protocol, treatment was considered successful in 48 patients (88.9%). Of the 54 patients on Multiple doses treatment protocol, there were 50 participants who considered responding positively to the treatment (92.6%). The difference between success rate in the two group was not statistically significant (P=0.7 OR: 0.6495% Cl 0.17, 2.4). Conclusion: the results of our study showed that single dose treatment with methotrexate can be successful as Multiple dose treatment. Randomized clinical trials considering side effects, cost, and other aspects of methotrexate treatment of EP can dissolve more apparently the matter that which protocol is the best protocol as the first step of treatment of selected EPs in practice.